Hydrates in aqueous solution

By Jones, Harry Clary

Subjects: Solution (chemistry), Hydrates, Absorption spectra, Solution (Chemistry)

Description: CONTENTS. PAGE. INTRODUCTION 1 Work of Chambers 1 Work of Chambers and Frazer 3 Earlier Work of Getman Freezing-point Apparatus 4 Conductivity Apparatus 5 Solutions 7 Freezing-point Method 7 Conductivity Method 8 Boiling-point Method 8 Refractivity Method 8 Substances Employed in Earlier Work 9 Results Obtained in Earlier Work 9 Conclusions from the Earlier Work 14 WORK OF GETMAN AND BASSETT 10 EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE or HYDRATES 17 Effect of Temperature on Water of Crystallization as Bearing on the Theory of Hydrates in Solution 17 Relation between Water of Crystallization and Lowering of Freezing- point 20 Experimental Work 26 CALCULATION OF THE APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF THE HYDRATES 28 The Results 28 COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE BEEN STUDIED 30 Lithium Chloride 30 Lithium Bromide 31 Lithium Iodide 32 Lithium Nitrate 32 Sodium Chloride 33 Sodium Bromide 34 Sodium Iodide 35 Sodium Nitrate 36 Sodium Sulphate 36 Sodium Carbonate 37 Sodium Chromate 37 Sodium Bichromate 38 Sodium Phosphate 39 Sodium Ammonium Acid Phosphate 40 Sodium Acetate 41 Sodium Hydroxide 41 Potassium Chloride 42 Potassium Bromide 43 Potassium Iodide 43 Potassium Nitrate 44 Potassium Sulphate 44 Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate 45 V VI CONTENTS. PAGE. WORK OF GETiMAN AND BASSET! Continued. COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE BEEN STUDIED Continued. Potassium Carbonate 45 Potassium Ferricyanide 46 Dissociation of Potassium Ferricyanide 46 Potassium Ferrocyanide 46 Dissociation of Potassium Ferrocyanide 47 Potassium Hydroxide 48 Potassium Cupric Chloride 49 Ammonium Chloride 50 Ammonium Nitrate 51 Ammonium Sulphate 51 Ammonium Cupric Chloride 52 Ammonium Hydroxide 53 Calcium Chloride 54 Calcium Bromide 55 Calcium Iodide 57 Calcium Nitrate 58 Strontium Chloride .* 58 Strontium Bromide 59 Strontium Iodide 60 Strontium Nitrate 61 Barium Chloride 62 Barium Bromide 63 Barium Iodide 64 Magnesium Chloride 65 Magnesium Bromide 67 Magnesium Nitrate 08 Magnesium Sulphate 69 Zinc Chloride 70 Zinc Nitrate 70 Zinc Sulphate 71 Cadmium Chloride 72 Cadmium Bromide 72 Cadmium Iodide 72 Cadmium Nitrate 72 Cadmium Sulphate 73 Manganese Chloride 73 Manganese Nitrate 75 Manganese Sulphate 76 Nickel Chloride 76 Nickel Nitrate 78 Nickel Sulphate 79 Cobalt Chloride 80 Cobalt Nitrate 82 Cobalt Sulphate 83 Copper Chloride 84 Copper Nitrate 85 Copper Sulphate 86 CONTENTS. VH P^GE. WORK OP GETMAN AND BASSETT Continued. COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE BEEN STUDIED Continued. Aluminium Chloride 87 Aluminium Nitrate 88 Aluminium Sulphate 88 Chromium Chloride 89 Chromium Nitrate 90 Ferric Chloride 91 Ferric Nitrate 92 Hydrochloric Acid 93 Hydrobromic Acid 94 Nitric Acid 90 Sulphuric Acid 97 Chromic Acid 98 Phosphoric Acid 100 Methyl Alcohol 101 Ethyl Alcohol 102 N-Propyl Alcohol 103 Acetone 104 Acetamide 104 Urea 105 Chloral Hydrate 105 Glycerol 106 Glucose 107 Fructose 107 Mannite 108 Lactose 109 Cane-Sugar 109 Organic Acids 110 Acetic Acid 110 Oxalic Acid 112 Succinic Acid 113 Tartaric Acid 114 Citric Acid 115 Freezing-point Curves . . .Hi'., 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 133, 134 Conductivity Curves 117,118,119,120.121.123,124,125,127,129 Refractivity Curves 118. 122. 123, 125, 126, 128, 129 Hydrate Curves 130,131,132,134 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS 135 General Relations 142 Nature of the Compounds formed 143 Do Ions or Molecules Form Hydrates? 143 The Old and the New Hydrate Theory 143 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 144 THE FORMATION OF ALCOHOLATES BY CERTAIN SALTS IN SOLUTION IN METHYL AND ETHYL ALCOHOLS WORK OF MCMASTER 147 Results with Methyl Alcohol 149 Results with Ethyl Alcohol 150 VIII CONTENTS. PAGE. THE FORMATION OF ALCOHOLATES BY CERTAIN SALTS IN SOLUTION IN METHYL AND ETHYL ALCOHOLS WORK OF MCMASTER Continued. THE BEARING OF HYDRATES ON THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF CONDUC- TIVITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 153 SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS WORK OF UHLER 160 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 161 The Spectrograph 169 The Spectroscope 170 The Cells 171 Freezing-point Apparatus 177 Conductivity Apparatus 177 Photographic Material 178 Sources of Light 179 Exposures and Spectrograms 180 Plates 182 Wave-lengths of Reference Lines 185 Experimental Facts and Data 186 Solutions 186 Cobalt Chloride 187 Cupric Chloride 190 Cupric Bromide 1 92 Cobalt Chloride and Calcium Chloride 194 Cobalt Chloride and Calcium Bromide 200 Cobalt Chloride and Aluminium Chloride 205 Copper Chloride and Calcium Chloride 213 Copper Chloride and Calcium Bromide 215 Copper Chloride and Aluminium Chloride 221 Copper Bromide and Calcium Chloride 224 Copper Bromide and Calcium Bromide 226 Copper Bromide and Aluminium Chloride 230 General Summary of Results 232 Discussion of the Several Theories 232 NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 241 Apparatus 241 Solutions 244 Cobalt Chloride in Methyl Alcohol 244 Cobalt Chloride in Ethyl Alcohol 245 Cobalt Chloride in Acetone 247 Copper Chloride in Methyl Alcohol 251 Copper Chloride in Ethyl Alcohol 252 Copper Chloride in Acetone 253 Copper Bromide in Methyl Alcohol 255 Copper Bromide in Ethyl Alcohol 256 CONCLUSIONS 259 REFERENCES TO PAPERS ALREADY PUBLISHED ON THIS SAME SUBJECT 260 INDEX .. 261